Building on substantial and longstanding investments in arms, many of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states of Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Oman are pursuing the construction of military-industrial complexes in line with the rationales of their ‘Visions’ strategies. They also reflect the expediencies of a rapidly shifting regional and international landscape, in particular, a period of recent escalation in the Gulf and renewed regional diplomacy, uncertain relations with the US, and growing security and defensive relations with Russia and China, coupled with a long-term aim of building greater state autonomy. This workshop explores GCC state military–industrial complexes, focusing on how new technologies might impact the status quo, and what the interaction is between these developing security and defensive pathways and other state, regional, and international security issues and relationships.